The broader implications of refugee policy include the disposition of funds for foreign policy implementation, the freedom of action of major powers, and the future of multilateralism.

Papers presented at an October 1992 conference form the basis of the chapters in this book, although some were commissioned after the conference. Topics include the decline of Venezuelan exceptionalism, political parties and the Democratic crisis, popular opinion, civil- military relations, the Venezuelan private sector, social policy, and constitutional reform.

In this penetrating study, Takashi Oka, drawing on forty years of experience as a foreign correspondent for the Christian Science Monitor, Newsweek Japan, and the New York Times, brings to light the curent trend toward a more heterogeneous Japanese labor force.

In a study sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment, William Shawcross, author of two previous books on Cambodia, details the steps leading to Cambodia's new coalition government; paints an intimate portrait of the national scene; and offers his own deeply knowledgeable perspective on the problems that a new Cambodia must face if it is to fully restore itself to national life.

Authored by former Carnegie senior associate Daniel Hamilton, Beyond Bonn: America & The Berlin Republic reflects the deliberations of the Carnegie Endowment's Study Group on U.S. Policy toward Germany.


In 1993, against the background of the atrocities of the new Balkan wars, the Endowment reissued its original 1913 report with a new introduction by George Kennan.

Weakened public institutions, military reform, and public opinion in the face of rapid change have opened the door for corruption, inequitable distribution of burdens, and political instability in South America. Countries in the region are facing painful and sometimes dangerous reform.